Pregnancy outcome in overt hypothyroidism

Background: To study the pregnancy outcomes in terms of miscarriage, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, placenta previa, placental abruption, preterm labour, preterm PROM, rate of caesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, premature birth, low-birth weight, fetal distress in labour, fetal death and congenital anomalies.Methods: The studied subjects included all pregnant women reported to the hospital for a period of one year (November 2012 to October 2013). They were subjected to detailed history, general physical, systemic, local examinations, routine investigations, thyroid function tests (serum TSH, T3, T4) and divided into two groups, Group-I: Overt hypothyroidism (TSH >10Mu/L; T3 and T4 <normal) and Group-II: Euthyroid pregnant women (control group).Outcomes of study group were compared with control group. The data was analyzed using computer software Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 19.0 for Windows. Chi square test was performed to evaluate statistical significance. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: 17045 women reported to hospital during one year period and after applying exclusion criteria 14810 women qualified. Out of these, 14770 pregnant women were found euthyroid and 40 (0.23%) women were overt hypothyroid. Pregnancy outcome like miscarriage (p<0.001), placental abruption (p<0.03), preterm premature rupture of membrane (p=0.003), low birth weight (p<0.001) and premature birth (p=0.003) was found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: Due to adverse pregnancy outcome, women in early pregnancy should be screened for thyroid disorder and those found hypothyroid should be treated

Tilt Integral Derivative Controller Optimized by Battle Royale Optimization for Wind Generator Connected to Grid

Globally the countries are focusing on reducing the carbon footprint leading to a greater effort for electrical energy generation by renewable energy sources, particularly wind. The wind turbines are invariably using doubly fed asynchronous generator. In this paper a controller has been designed for a doubly fed induction motor. The proposed Tilt Integral Derivate controller for was compared with commonly used PI, PID controllers. Several optimization algorithms were used for tuning of controllers and the best one was selected for each type of controller. The controller has been optimized using battlefield optimization. It had been compared with proportional integral controller, fractional order proportional integral derivative controller. Other controllers were optimized using meta heuristic algorithms. The controller enhanced the system response in terms of settling time, rise time and other parameters. The Tilt controller gave the overall superior performance in terms of parameters like rise time, settling time, settling minimum, peak, and peak time. The results were obtained using MATLAB. This paper discusses operation of doubly fed induction motor operation and optimization methods

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF METOPROLOL SUCCINATE FLOATING TABLETS

Gastroretentive dosage forms extend significantly the period of time over which the drug may be released. This prolonged gastric retention improves bioavailability, decrease drug waste and improve solubility of drugs that are less soluble in a high pH environment due to their availability in gastric pH for longer duration of time.Floating drug delivery systems have a bulk density less than gastric fluids and hence remain buoyant in the stomach. The main objective of the present study was to develop Gastroretentive (GR) controlled release ormulations of Metoprolol to prolong the gastric retention time so that its bioavailability can be improved. The formulations were prepared by using swellable polymers like HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, HPMC K100M, Guar Gum, Xanthan Gum, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and various effervescent compounds, e.g. sodium bicarbonate, and citric acid by the direct compression method. All the formulations were evaluated for different parameters like floating lag time, total floating time, hardness, weight variation, density measurements, drug content and water uptake/swelling index. Dissolution studies were done for all formulations in 0.1N HCl (pH 1.2). Formulations F3, F4 and F10 were found to provide maximum sustained release of metoprolol s uccinate up to 24 h with optimum floating properties.Key words : Controlled release; Gastro retentive; HPMC; Guargum; Xantham gu

Role of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and management of benign adnexal masses

Background: Adnexal masses are frequent findings in women of all age groups. It consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterine ligaments. Women can present with various gynaecological complaints and adnexal masses could be detected while examining and investigating for these complaints. The aim was to study the role of laparoscopy in diagnosis and management of benign adnexal masses.Methods: The study was conducted on 48 women of reproductive age group. Per speculum examination was done and PAP smear was taken before bimanual examination was done. A complete per vaginum examination was done and the adnexal mass was assessed for its size, side, consistency, laterality and tenderness. Laparoscopy was done to confirm preoperative diagnosis and appropriate procedure done depending on diagnosis.Results: Pain in the lower abdomen was the commonest chief complaint seen in 87.5% cases. 41.67% cases were suspected to have endometriosis while on laparoscopy it was seen in 47.92%, 33.33% were suspected to have ovarian cyst which decreased to 25% on laparoscopy, ectopic pregnancy in 16.67% cases both pre-operative and on laparoscopic examination and tubo-ovarian mass in 8.33% cases pre-operatively and 2.08% on laparoscopy.Conclusions: This study has shown that if proper preoperative evaluation was done, author can select the appropriate patients for laparoscopic approach

Clinical profile of patients with pelvic adnexal masses

Background: Adnexal masses are frequent findings in women of all age groups. It consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterine ligaments. Women can present with various gynaecological complaints and adnexal masses could be detected while examining and investigating for these complaints. Aim was to study the clinical profile of women in reproductive age group presented with adnexal masses.Methods: The study comprised of 48 women of reproductive age group. Per speculum examination was done and PAP smear was taken before bimanual examination was done.A complete per vaginum examination was done and the adnexal mass was assessed for its size, side, consistency, laterality and tenderness.Results: Pain in the lower abdomen was the commonest chief complaint seen in 87.5% cases. Out of these, majority i.e.66.67% had chronic pelvic pain and 23% had pain of less than 1-month duration which were cases of ectopic pregnancy. 41.67% cases were suspected to have endometriosis,33.33% were suspected to have ovarian cyst, followed by ectopic pregnancy in 16.67% cases and tubo-ovarian mass in 8.33% cases.Conclusions: The present study shows that if proper preoperative evaluation is done, we can select the appropriate patients for laparoscopic approach

Maternal and fetal outcome in subclinical hypothyroidism in Jammu region, North India

Background: Pregnancy is a period that places great physiological stress on both the mother and the fetus in the best of times. The objective of this study was to study the maternal outcomes in terms of miscarriage, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, placenta previa, placental abruption, preterm labour, preterm PROM, rate of caesarean section and postpartum hemorrhage. And to study the fetal outcomes in terms of premature birth, low-birth weight, fetal distress in labour, fetal death and congenital anomalies.Methods: The studied subjects included all pregnant women reporting to the hospital for a period of one year November 2012 to October 2013. All participants were subjected to detailed history, thorough general physical, systemic, local examinations, and routine investigations, thyroid function tests (serum TSH, T3, T4). All participants were divided into two groups, group-I: pregnant women diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH 5-10Mu/L; T3 and T4 normal), group-II: euthyroid pregnant women (control group). Maternal and fetal outcomes of subjects in the first group (study) were compared with control group. The data was analyzed using computer software Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 19.0 for Windows. Chi square test was performed to evaluate statistical significance. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: A total of 17045 pregnant women reported to labour room and OPD and 15120 women qualified after applying exclusion criteria. Out of these, 14770 pregnant women were found euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroidism was identified in 350 (2.05%) women. Maternal outcome in study group in terms of miscarriage (p<0.001), gestational hypertension (p<0.001), placental abruption (p<0.0001) and preterm premature rupture of membrane (p=0.007) was found to be statistically significant when compared with control group, while fetal outcome in terms of fetal distress (p<0.001), low birth weight (p<0.001) and premature birth (p=0.002) was found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: In view of adverse maternal and fetal outcome, detecting and treating the women with subclinical hypothyroidism in early pregnancy will improve the perinatal outcome

Evaluation of risk factors for lower extremity amputation in diabetic foot ulcer: a hospital based observational study in Northern India

Background: The present prospective observational study was done to analyse the risk factors leading to minor or major lower extremity amputation (LEA) in diabetic patients.Methods: A 139 patients were divided into Group A (n=113) and Group B (n=26) who underwent minor and major LEA respectively.Results: Majority of the patients in group B were from rural and lower socioeconomic background.  Duration of diabetes (p=0.017) and  of DFU was significantly longer in group B (P <0.001) The pro-portion of patients with Wagner Grade 4 and 5  ulcer were significantly higher in group B than in group A (P <0.001) Wound infection and maggots were significantly higher in group B though polymicrobial infection was higher in group A. Biochemical investigations were abnormally altered but difference between two groups was not significant.Conclusions: Socioeconomic burden on the society due to LEA can be reduced by making diabetic patients aware of foot hygiene, regular medical check-up for control of diabetes and associated complications

NFT Marketplace

In an increasingly digitized world, the secure management and trade of digital assets have become a pressing issue. This project aims to address this challenge by developing a decentralized application (dApp) that leverages blockchain technology and deep learning models to provide secure and efficient digital asset management, with a focus on NFTs. The dApp includes features such as secure wallet connections, NFT image generation, minting, marketplace, and profile management. The back-end of the dApp is implemented using the Goerli testnet with Solidity-based smart contracts, while IPFS and ReactJS/EtherJS are used for decentralized storage and front-end development, respectively. Additionally, the OpenAI API is integrated to generate unique NFT images based on user input. The project demonstrates the practical application of blockchain technology and deep learning models in developing dApps for secure and decentralized digital asset management. Overall, the project contributes to the ongoing research on blockchain-based solutions for secure digital asset management, while highlighting the potential of blockchain and deep learning technologies to transform the way we manage and trade digital assets.Comment: Report for MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS course projec

Design of a Real-Time Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer and its Application in Study of Nanoparticle Aerosol Generation

A real-time, mobile Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer (SEMS) was designed using a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) and Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) to measure the size distribution of nanoparticles. The SEMS was calibrated using monodisperse Polystyrene Latex (PSL) particles, and was then applied to study the size distribution of TiO2 nanoparticle aerosols generated by spray drying water suspensions of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticle aerosol size distribution, the effect of surfactant, and the effect of residual solvent droplets were determined. The SEMS system was designed by integrating the Electrical System, the Fluid Flow System, and the SEMS Software. It was calibrated using aerosolized Polystyrene Latex (PSL) spheres with nominal diameters of 99 nm and 204 nm. TiO2 nanoparticle aerosols were generated by atomizing water suspensions of TiO2 nanoparticles using a Collison nebulizer. Size distribution of the TiO2 aerosol was measured by the SEMS, as well as by TEM. Furthermore, the effect of surfactant, Tween 20 at four different concentrations between 0.01mM and 0.80mM, and stability of aerosol concentration with time were studied. It was hypothesized that residual particles in DI water observed during the calibration process were a mixture of impurities in water and unevaporated droplets. Solid impurities were captured on TEM grids using a point-to-plane Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) and analyzed by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) while the contribution of unevaporated liquid droplets to residual particles was confirmed by size distribution measurements of aerosolized DI water in different humidity conditions. The calibration indicated that the mode diameter was found to be at 92.5nm by TEM and 95.8nm by the SEMS for 99nm nominal diameter particles, a difference of 3.6%. Similarly, the mode diameter for 204nm nominal diameter particles was found to be 194.9nm by TEM and 191nm by SEMS, a difference of 2.0%. Measurements by SEMS for TiO2 aerosol generated by Collison nebulizer indicated the mode diameters of 3mM, 6mM, and 9mM concentrations of TiO2 suspension to be 197.5nm, 200.0nm and 195.2nm respectively. On the other hand, the mode diameter was found to be approximately 95nm from TEM analysis of TiO2 powder. Additionally, concentration of particles generated decreased with time. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements indicated agglomeration of particles in the suspension. Furthermore, the emulation of single particle distribution was not possible even after using Tween 20 in concentrations between 0.01mM and 0.80mM. From the study of residual particles in DI water, it was found that residual particles observed during the aerosolization of suspensions of DI water were composed of impurities present in DI water and unevaporated droplets of DI water. Although it was possible to observe solid residual particles on the TEM grid, EDS was not able to determine the chemical composition of these particles

Morphological changes in placenta in cases of oligohydramnios

Background: There are gross and microscopic changes in placenta and umbilical cord in complicated pregnancies. The objective of this study was to study pathological (gross and microscopic) changes in placenta, membrane and umbilical cord in cases with oligohydramnios and to study relationship between changes in placenta, membranes and umbilical cord with severity of oligohydramnios.Methods: A total of 50 patients were selected and their placentas were collected after delivery and sent to pathology department in 10 % formalin for histopathological examination. Patients were divided into three groups and the results were compared. Statistical calculations were performed using the SPSS 16.0. In order to detect differences between subjects students t-test was used for continuous variables, while, for categorical variables, the X2 test was used. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Atotal of 50 patients were studied for a period of one year and following observations were made, discoid shape placenta in 45 (90.0%), oval in 5 (10.0%), central attachment of umbilical cord in 16 cases (32.0%), eccentric in 33 (66.0%), marginal in 1 (2.0%) case following variables were compared and p value detected, placental maximum diameter (p <0.0001),placental minimum diameters (p = 0.041), mean of cord length (p <0.0001) placental weight (p = 0.273), placental thickness (p = 0.253), acute chorioamnionitis (p <0.0001), chronic chorioamnionitis (p<0.0001), focal squamous metaplasia (p <0.0001), bacterial colonies in subamnion (p <0.0001), meconium staining (p <0.0001), amnion nodosum (p < 0.0001), intra amniotic haemorrhage (p = 0.090), membranous deciduitis with chorioamnionitis (p = 0.081), focal haematoma (p = 0.010), acute inflammatory infiltrate in Wharton’s jelly (p = 0.012), single umbilical artery (p =0.010), intervillous fibrin deposition (p <0.0001), calcification (p<0.0001), chorangiosis (p <0.0001), syncytial knots (p <0.0001), avascular villi (p = 0.011), villous edema (p = 0.090) and infarct (p = 0.090).Conclusions: There are alterations in placental morphology associated with oligohydramnios hence placenta should be examined, which may be useful in predicting perinatal morbidity and mortality